'Amerindians of the Caribbean\r'

'Content Topic…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2 knowledgeability ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2 History…………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………… 3 display ………………………………………………………………………………3-4 Entertainment ………………………………………………………………………………5 Ho employ ……………………………………………………………………………………5-6 endurance (farming and hunting)……………………………………………………………6-8 Religion………………â₠¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦. References…………………………………………………………………………………9 Topic: The Arawak of Guyana, their cultures, polish use patterns and their effect on the decor ingest and biota. Introduction The Arawaks be thought to fork up settled at Hosororo creek on the Aruka River well-nigh 3,500 old age ago. They set tapioca plant (manihot esculenta) which they baked into bread on ceramic griddles on the hilltops. Arawaks occupied the Corentyne River also around 2,000 days ago leaving a unique type of rock engraving, c everyed Timehri Petroglyphs.Due to the issue forth of rich protein supply rear on the coastal swamps, the Arawaks moved hundreds of tons of earth with wooden shovels, in order to wee habitation mounds and raised fields for farming. concord to Denis Williams this settlement strategy has sustained forgiving population on coastal swamps during the European era and into the present. During the rainy season the Arawaks capture a lot, when sentient beings were state to migrate from lowlands in search of high ground. Animals commonly track down were the deer, tapir, labba, wild hog, ag emergei, birds, parrots and turtles.They were cognize as sustenance producers, also they are also known for their pottery making skills as they were the steertle people to bring pottery to Guyana. The Arawaks suffer do great contri to a greater extent everywhereions to Guyana culture, today numerous places are named by the Arawaks, virtu wholey of our rivers and creeks are named by the Arawaks. The Arawak nation is deemed the most nimble of the Amerindian nations. Fig. 1 Map of Guyana cover the jam of the Arawaks Hi story The Amerindians is said to be the first-year inhabitants to Guyana who entered the territory about 11,000 years ago.Amerindians initially lived on low, swampy coastland regions. The coastal on the face of it was make up by alluvial deposits from the rising Atlantic Ocean ranging from 17,000 to 6000 years ago. The Arawak nation is said to be the randomness nation to arrive in Guyana after the Warraus who came ahead approximately 84000 years ago. It is said that a number of Arawak tribes afford been out(p) for several hundreds of years. What could have happened that would bring a population that once numbered 2 to 3 million down to just a few thousand by the former(a) let on of the 16th century? passim history the Arawak were subject to both(prenominal)(prenominal) contradictory take-overs, diseases, enslavement, damage to food supplies and much more. Inevitably, by the end of the 16th century the Island Arawak had go bad extinct. Sadly, the Arawak Indians have been e liminated or greatly trim down in number in more areas, some of which include the Caribbean, Guadeloupe, West Indies, Barbados, and the everlasting(a) Islands. Their numbers have been slowly rising, so that today upwards of 30, 000 Arawak currently stay in Guyana, with a very bitty number existing in Suriname and french Guiana. AppearanceBecause of the broad distri neverthelession of the Arawaks, little unity can be undercoat in their culture or racial type. It has been found though that the language they speak jazz them from the rest of the world. The Arawaks were well put to workd, slightly built and medium height. It appeared that they were physically weak in comparison with the Africans and Europeans. Their skin was â€Å"olive” which wet smooth and brown. The Arawaks were considered naturally good- looking but distorted their features by artificial means. As babies their bearings were humdrumtened at the forehead, this elongated head was considered a mark of beauty.This is thought to have been done to thicken the skull thus it could hold firm heavy blows. The Arawaks had broad nose and their nostrils in all likelihood flared wide. Their hair was straight and black but coarse and was usually purposeless long. issue 2: showing an Arawak family The Arawak men mixed their bodies with bright colored dyes with trunk and luscious mixed all over smearing patterns all over their bodies: â€Å"some of them … with black, others white and others red, most of them on their bodies and some on their faces, and eye or only the nose”.The favored paint was Roucou a red dye, anyway being colorful, the clay and grease unbroken insects and rain off. The Arawaks also had body piercings and wore ornaments make from clay, shell and cotton. A plate of halcyon and copper alloy called the guanin was worn by chiefs who also dressed in money crowns and feather headdresses. Sometimes the Arawaks had gold in their noses as plugs or hanging o rnaments. The Arawaks saying gold as nothing more than a form of decoration. The women wore candid talus aprons and necklaces. A number of small amulets (Fig. ) or charms were carried in sacks around the neck, foot and wrist. Others made from cotton; shell and clay were interweave into hair. Figure 3: showing amulets worn or carried by the Arawaks Entertainment The Arawaks had goodish leisure time and many festivals marked by the Arawak year, some religious and some not so. For example the naming of a baby was time to rejoicing of the Arawaks that a child without a name lead meet with great misfortune. The wedding of a cacique and the inauguration of a youthful cacique were times of festivity.Arawaks are neighborly of sports, although not competitive like us. The deary sport called batos was a ball impale with the cross between volleyball and football. The back up was played with a hard base hit ball. The main aim of the game was to prolong the ball in the air using on ly the thighs and never touching the reach or feet. The most well-known of the Arawaks pastime was that of weed. The Arawaks called the tobacco plant cohiba and the pipe for fastball the leaves, tabaco. The Arawaks liked tobacco for peace and contentment, and for lot them to meditate.They made cigars and smoked it in a pipe which they enjoyed very much. Fig. 4: showing Arawak harvesting and smoking tobacco lodging All the Arawaks needed were a cheer to keep off rain. Arawak houses were rectangular with take up thatched roofs. The larger ones had a covered porch before the door. The construction of these houses is rather simple. Wooden posts were allot into the ground in a mountain and canes were woven between them and tied with creepers. The roof was thatched in a conical shape and a hole was left at the top to allow smoke to escape.There were no windows and only an opening was left for a door and the houses were thoroughly built and could keep hurricanes. The tasks of bu ilding houses were done by the men. Fig. 5: showing the house of an Arawak Survival (farming and hunting) The Arawaks were subsistence farmers, emergence food mainly for their own inescapably and with a little left over for trade. Some crops are shown in fig. . They roll in the hay down trees to make room for plant and apply the â€Å"slash-and-burn” method of farming. This is a simple method where the land was burnt to loose it of weeds and bush.The ash produced was mixed with angle and urine to produce fertilizer to uphold prolong the productiveness of the land. Crops were hence planted in the ashes among the blackened tree stumps. These ill-mannered farmers did not cause crop rotation, after about five to ten years, the reproach would become exhausted, and the village would proceed to trim fresh land, however, slash and burn is no longer used. Instead, shifting cultivation is their immature form of farming. Women did the planting and were responsible for the expression of food.The crop cassava (also known manioc), slips were boot out from the stem and planted in mounds on the level earth. mandioca was planted double a year when the soil was damp. The Arawaks ate a variety of other fruits and vegetables including pineapples, star apples, guavas and cashews. The Arawaks did not touch mammy apples as they confided that it was food for the dead. Arawaks did not rely on field crops for all their food. Due to animation on the coast oceans and rivers were rich in foods which needed little effort to get together: shellfish, turtle eggs, snails and gull.Huge piles of shells have been found among the remains of camp sites. Arawaks trapped many small animals including bots, lizards, snakes, iguanas and agouties. The only domestic animal known to Arawaks was a small dog. Fig. 6: Showing some crops grown by Arawak As mentioned, the women were also responsible for all food preparations. The main food of the Arawaks was cassava, which mandatory special preparation since it was deleterious in its natural state. First, the root was grated on a board covered small pebbles or rough coral until it formed a paste. Fig. 4 is an indication of this tool.This was put into a wicker tube, one end of which was hung from a branch, while a weight was habituated to the other end. This caused the tube to contract, and forced the poisonous liquid out through the wicker. The remain paste was left to dry and then pounded into flour using a rock mortar and pestle. The flour was formed into flat cakes and baked on a clay griddle until they were hard and dry. In this way, the cassava flour could keep from an extended limit of time. Fig. 7: showing an Arawak grind orchestra pit Seasoning played a bigger part in food preparation. season and especially pepper were the common seasonings used.In addition, a sauce called cassareep, which was made of cassava juice, sodium chloride and pepper was frequently used, especially when portion the Ar awaks simplest dish, ‘pepperpot’. Note that both cassareep and pepperpot are wide used throughout Guyana today. Pepperpot was prepared in a large clay pot. Cassava juice, with the poison extracted of course, beans, peanuts, potato and some fondness were all allowed to simmer. This pot of soup was used to feed a family about troika times a day and as the pot is emptied, more ingredients are added so that one can have pepperpot at any time of the day or night.The Arawaks could also make intoxicating drinks out of cassava and maize such as piwari and cassiri, but drunkenness was uncommon turn out on some ceremonial occasions. that, smoking tobacco was a big part of the Arawak culture. Religion The Arawaks’ religious believe was called animism and was establish on a spirit world, this practice aimed at honoring the spirit god. However Hillhouse claimed that the Arawaks worshipped the universal creator, a compulsive being who they called Aluberi. They also believ ed that the sky was the ejaculate of all things causationful and good.Certain men in society were single out to rationalize the mysterious and control the spirit world. They were called shamans or piaimen and were said to have supernatural powers. Arawaks believe that disease was nothing but the nominal head of malign spirit. These medicine men had the power possessed to drive out disease. The piaimen were lettered in the knowledge of herbs to treat disease. committed with the belief in evil strong drink also was the Kanaima. The Kanaima would track down its victims for years for the sake of revenge.He was thought to be an evil spirit in the form of a man. References Some notes on the Amerindians of Guyana Then and Now. Compiled by Shebana Daniel Uncle Basil: An Arawak Biography. By Justin Greene- Roesel The Prehistoric Arawak of Guyana. By Jennifer Wishart, Walter Roth Museum The Amerindians and the Europeans. By M. N. Menezes http://www. google. ca/imgres? q=Arawaks+of+Guya na//html accessed celestial latitude 10, 2012 http://www. google. gy/imgres? q=arawak+smoking+tobaccocigarettes. org/history. html accessed December 10, 2012\r\n'