'Amerindians of the Caribbean\r'

'Content Topic…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2 knowledgeability ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2 History…………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………… 3 display ………………………………………………………………………………3-4 Entertainment ………………………………………………………………………………5 Ho employ ……………………………………………………………………………………5-6 endurance (farming and hunting)……………………………………………………………6-8 Religion………………â₠¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦. References…………………………………………………………………………………9 Topic: The Arawak of Guyana, their cultures, polish use patterns and their effect on the decor ingest and biota. Introduction The Arawaks be thought to fork up settled at Hosororo creek on the Aruka River well-nigh 3,500 old age ago. They set tapioca plant (manihot esculenta) which they baked into bread on ceramic griddles on the hilltops. Arawaks occupied the Corentyne River also around 2,000 days ago leaving a unique type of rock engraving, c everyed Timehri Petroglyphs.Due to the issue forth of rich protein supply rear on the coastal swamps, the Arawaks moved hundreds of tons of earth with wooden shovels, in order to wee habitation mounds and raised fields for farming. concord to Denis Williams this settlement strategy has sustained forgiving population on coastal swamps during the European era and into the present. During the rainy season the Arawaks capture a lot, when sentient beings were state to migrate from lowlands in search of high ground. Animals commonly track down were the deer, tapir, labba, wild hog, ag emergei, birds, parrots and turtles.They were cognize as sustenance producers, also they are also known for their pottery making skills as they were the steertle people to bring pottery to Guyana. The Arawaks suffer do great contri to a greater extent everywhereions to Guyana culture, today numerous places are named by the Arawaks, virtu wholey of our rivers and creeks are named by the Arawaks. The Arawak nation is deemed the most nimble of the Amerindian nations. Fig. 1 Map of Guyana cover the jam of the Arawaks Hi story The Amerindians is said to be the first-year inhabitants to Guyana who entered the territory about 11,000 years ago.Amerindians initially lived on low, swampy coastland regions. The coastal on the face of it was make up by alluvial deposits from the rising Atlantic Ocean ranging from 17,000 to 6000 years ago. The Arawak nation is said to be the randomness nation to arrive in Guyana after the Warraus who came ahead approximately 84000 years ago. It is said that a number of Arawak tribes afford been out(p) for several hundreds of years. What could have happened that would bring a population that once numbered 2 to 3 million down to just a few thousand by the former(a) let on of the 16th century? passim history the Arawak were subject to both(prenominal)(prenominal) contradictory take-overs, diseases, enslavement, damage to food supplies and much more. Inevitably, by the end of the 16th century the Island Arawak had go bad extinct. Sadly, the Arawak Indians have been e liminated or greatly trim down in number in more areas, some of which include the Caribbean, Guadeloupe, West Indies, Barbados, and the everlasting(a) Islands. Their numbers have been slowly rising, so that today upwards of 30, 000 Arawak currently stay in Guyana, with a very bitty number existing in Suriname and french Guiana. AppearanceBecause of the broad distri neverthelession of the Arawaks, little unity can be undercoat in their culture or racial type. It has been found though that the language they speak jazz them from the rest of the world. The Arawaks were well put to workd, slightly built and medium height. It appeared that they were physically weak in comparison with the Africans and Europeans. Their skin was â€Å"olive” which wet smooth and brown. The Arawaks were considered naturally good- looking but distorted their features by artificial means. As babies their bearings were humdrumtened at the forehead, this elongated head was considered a mark of beauty.This is thought to have been done to thicken the skull thus it could hold firm heavy blows. The Arawaks had broad nose and their nostrils in all likelihood flared wide. Their hair was straight and black but coarse and was usually purposeless long. issue 2: showing an Arawak family The Arawak men mixed their bodies with bright colored dyes with trunk and luscious mixed all over smearing patterns all over their bodies: â€Å"some of them … with black, others white and others red, most of them on their bodies and some on their faces, and eye or only the nose”.The favored paint was Roucou a red dye, anyway being colorful, the clay and grease unbroken insects and rain off. The Arawaks also had body piercings and wore ornaments make from clay, shell and cotton. A plate of halcyon and copper alloy called the guanin was worn by chiefs who also dressed in money crowns and feather headdresses. Sometimes the Arawaks had gold in their noses as plugs or hanging o rnaments. The Arawaks saying gold as nothing more than a form of decoration. The women wore candid talus aprons and necklaces. A number of small amulets (Fig. ) or charms were carried in sacks around the neck, foot and wrist. Others made from cotton; shell and clay were interweave into hair. Figure 3: showing amulets worn or carried by the Arawaks Entertainment The Arawaks had goodish leisure time and many festivals marked by the Arawak year, some religious and some not so. For example the naming of a baby was time to rejoicing of the Arawaks that a child without a name lead meet with great misfortune. The wedding of a cacique and the inauguration of a youthful cacique were times of festivity.Arawaks are neighborly of sports, although not competitive like us. The deary sport called batos was a ball impale with the cross between volleyball and football. The back up was played with a hard base hit ball. The main aim of the game was to prolong the ball in the air using on ly the thighs and never touching the reach or feet. The most well-known of the Arawaks pastime was that of weed. The Arawaks called the tobacco plant cohiba and the pipe for fastball the leaves, tabaco. The Arawaks liked tobacco for peace and contentment, and for lot them to meditate.They made cigars and smoked it in a pipe which they enjoyed very much. Fig. 4: showing Arawak harvesting and smoking tobacco lodging All the Arawaks needed were a cheer to keep off rain. Arawak houses were rectangular with take up thatched roofs. The larger ones had a covered porch before the door. The construction of these houses is rather simple. Wooden posts were allot into the ground in a mountain and canes were woven between them and tied with creepers. The roof was thatched in a conical shape and a hole was left at the top to allow smoke to escape.There were no windows and only an opening was left for a door and the houses were thoroughly built and could keep hurricanes. The tasks of bu ilding houses were done by the men. Fig. 5: showing the house of an Arawak Survival (farming and hunting) The Arawaks were subsistence farmers, emergence food mainly for their own inescapably and with a little left over for trade. Some crops are shown in fig. . They roll in the hay down trees to make room for plant and apply the â€Å"slash-and-burn” method of farming. This is a simple method where the land was burnt to loose it of weeds and bush.The ash produced was mixed with angle and urine to produce fertilizer to uphold prolong the productiveness of the land. Crops were hence planted in the ashes among the blackened tree stumps. These ill-mannered farmers did not cause crop rotation, after about five to ten years, the reproach would become exhausted, and the village would proceed to trim fresh land, however, slash and burn is no longer used. Instead, shifting cultivation is their immature form of farming. Women did the planting and were responsible for the expression of food.The crop cassava (also known manioc), slips were boot out from the stem and planted in mounds on the level earth. mandioca was planted double a year when the soil was damp. The Arawaks ate a variety of other fruits and vegetables including pineapples, star apples, guavas and cashews. The Arawaks did not touch mammy apples as they confided that it was food for the dead. Arawaks did not rely on field crops for all their food. Due to animation on the coast oceans and rivers were rich in foods which needed little effort to get together: shellfish, turtle eggs, snails and gull.Huge piles of shells have been found among the remains of camp sites. Arawaks trapped many small animals including bots, lizards, snakes, iguanas and agouties. The only domestic animal known to Arawaks was a small dog. Fig. 6: Showing some crops grown by Arawak As mentioned, the women were also responsible for all food preparations. The main food of the Arawaks was cassava, which mandatory special preparation since it was deleterious in its natural state. First, the root was grated on a board covered small pebbles or rough coral until it formed a paste. Fig. 4 is an indication of this tool.This was put into a wicker tube, one end of which was hung from a branch, while a weight was habituated to the other end. This caused the tube to contract, and forced the poisonous liquid out through the wicker. The remain paste was left to dry and then pounded into flour using a rock mortar and pestle. The flour was formed into flat cakes and baked on a clay griddle until they were hard and dry. In this way, the cassava flour could keep from an extended limit of time. Fig. 7: showing an Arawak grind orchestra pit Seasoning played a bigger part in food preparation. season and especially pepper were the common seasonings used.In addition, a sauce called cassareep, which was made of cassava juice, sodium chloride and pepper was frequently used, especially when portion the Ar awaks simplest dish, ‘pepperpot’. Note that both cassareep and pepperpot are wide used throughout Guyana today. Pepperpot was prepared in a large clay pot. Cassava juice, with the poison extracted of course, beans, peanuts, potato and some fondness were all allowed to simmer. This pot of soup was used to feed a family about troika times a day and as the pot is emptied, more ingredients are added so that one can have pepperpot at any time of the day or night.The Arawaks could also make intoxicating drinks out of cassava and maize such as piwari and cassiri, but drunkenness was uncommon turn out on some ceremonial occasions. that, smoking tobacco was a big part of the Arawak culture. Religion The Arawaks’ religious believe was called animism and was establish on a spirit world, this practice aimed at honoring the spirit god. However Hillhouse claimed that the Arawaks worshipped the universal creator, a compulsive being who they called Aluberi. They also believ ed that the sky was the ejaculate of all things causationful and good.Certain men in society were single out to rationalize the mysterious and control the spirit world. They were called shamans or piaimen and were said to have supernatural powers. Arawaks believe that disease was nothing but the nominal head of malign spirit. These medicine men had the power possessed to drive out disease. The piaimen were lettered in the knowledge of herbs to treat disease. committed with the belief in evil strong drink also was the Kanaima. The Kanaima would track down its victims for years for the sake of revenge.He was thought to be an evil spirit in the form of a man. References Some notes on the Amerindians of Guyana Then and Now. Compiled by Shebana Daniel Uncle Basil: An Arawak Biography. By Justin Greene- Roesel The Prehistoric Arawak of Guyana. By Jennifer Wishart, Walter Roth Museum The Amerindians and the Europeans. By M. N. Menezes http://www. google. ca/imgres? q=Arawaks+of+Guya na//html accessed celestial latitude 10, 2012 http://www. google. gy/imgres? q=arawak+smoking+tobaccocigarettes. org/history. html accessed December 10, 2012\r\n'

'Josef Mengele – the Angel of Death Essay\r'

'After the warfare legion(predicate) national socialist doctors were tried at Nuremberg, for war crimes and crimes against tenderity. Yet the man who became the nigh ill-famed national socialist doctor †although Hitler himself whitethorn never heard of him †fled to South America and escape prosecution. He was never caught and convicted, though he lived for decades thereafter.\r\nMengele, c tout ensembleed ‘Uncle’ by the countless children he subjected to stern experiments and unthinkable torture, and known as the â€Å"saint of Death” in the parsimoniousness camps, was responsible for the torture and deaths of 400,000 people, and the torment of thousands more. The or so measurable thing to note virtually Mengele is that he was not an iso latterlyd example of an repulsiveness maniac gone berserk. He was scarcely part of a system and a much wider net utilization of national socialist doctors. His work may have been different from those o f the other doctors only in quantitative basis not qualitative terms.\r\nToday, the Auschwitz experiments of Josef Mengele remain the close egregious example of the collaboration of unprincipled exploreers with equ exclusivelyy unscrupulous senior scientists and re throwable scientific institutions †which is a phenomenon that could be calamity on a wide ordered series in our own times, e finic all in all(a)y in matters of drug trials of giant pharmaceutical corporations. In 1947, the world learned of what is now the most infamous scandal in aesculapian investigate: checkup experiments filmed by Nazi doctors. Nazi doctors performed a variety of highly disturbing experiments on prisoners in concentration camps.\r\nSome experiments were constructed to further the war effort. For example, to study gun piquancy wounds, Nazi doctors shot inmates and examined their wounds. To study diseases such as typhus, Nazi doctors intentionally infected inmates with disease. To stu dy human capacity to withstand exposure to cold, Nazi doctors stripped inmates and exposed them to icy pissing or blizzards. However, the majority of experiments had less to do with winning the war and more to do with promoting or substantiating Nazi ideology. bushels were interested in sterilizing undesirables, â€Å"curing” homosexuality, and establishing anthropological differences among races.\r\nTo find an effective means of fold sterilization, Nazi doctors injected hundreds of women with a caustic mall in the hope of obstructing their fallopian tubes, and inflicted severe destroy and infections on both male and pistillate prisoners by exposing them to high doses of radiation. To â€Å"cure” homosexuality, Nazi doctors injected hormones into inmates suspected of being homosexual. To catalog strong-arm differences in race, Nazi doctors killed a total of prisoners, stripped the flesh off their bones, and saved their skeletons for an anthropological museum. \r\nDr. Mengele is among the best known SS physicians at Auschwitz, and was responsible along with other SS doctors for â€Å"selections” and checkup examination examination checkup experiments that used prisoners as guinea pigs. Mengele could never have thought of himself as a monstrous psychopath, though, but only as a â€Å"biomedical scientist” participating in a broad words of racial query. During the Holocaust Mengele and many other Nazi physicians used thousands of camp inmates, especially those with disabilities and â€Å"deformities” as subjects for their biomedical racial â€Å"research. â€Å"\r\nBorn in the Swabian section of Bavaria in 1911 into an upper lower-middle-class family, Mengele eventually earned devil doctorates. The frontmost doctorate was in physical anthropology at Munich under(a) Theodor Mollison in 1935 and the moment was in medicine at Frankfurt under Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer in 1938. He received his liberty to p ractice medicine in late 1937 but apparently did not prosecute certification in a specialty. Instead, he opted for research. As a student of anthropology, he had studied under the leading exponents of the â€Å" look unworthy of living” theory and it greatly influenced his thinking and behavior.\r\nThe notion that some lives were not worth living was rapidly get academically acceptable. His two dissertation supervisors were eugenicists, and his dissertations in anthropology at Munich and in medicine at Frankfurt both dealt with research in racial hygiene. After finishing his second doctorate, Mengele act his research in Verschuer’s Frankfurt establish for Hereditary biology and Race Hygiene. As principal investigator, Verschuer superintend the research of numerous assistants under a variety of DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft †German Research Foundation) research grants.\r\nVerschuer’s 1938 report to the DFG on this sponsored research, instructio n on the communicable study of tally and families, lists the work and publications of his assistant Mengele. Although Mengele did not articulatio the Nazi party until 1938, he belonged to the brown-shirt ram troopers, the SA, during 1933-34 and in 1938 joined the SS. As an SS member, he was drafted during the war into the Waffen SS instead of the Wehrmacht, advancing by 1943 to the rank of captain (Hauptstrumfuhrer).\r\nHe served as an SS physician to the Eastern front until he was wounded and then posted to the concentration camp death head units in the rear. He functioned during 1943-1944 as one of the SS physicians at the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp. In his new post, Mengele performed the accustomed duties of a concentration camp SS physician as well as the special Auschwitz assignment of directing selections for the gas chamber. In addition, Auschwitz opened up unlimited opportunities for the manque researcher.\r\nResearch subjects were available in volumed num bers, and the restraints of medical ethics did not apply. Further, Mengele could obligate highly skilled inmate physicians to design and conduct research, perform tests and autopsies, and produce research papers, without the need to share credit with them. It is therefore not surprising that Mengele used Auschwitz as a research laboratory. Otmar von Verschuer, Mengele’s teach who was himself a protege of Eugen Fischer, had left Frankfurt for Berlin in 1942 to succeed Fischer as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology.\r\nMengele had worked at the institute during SS assignments to Berlin and indeed continued to contribute to Verschuer’s research projects (Cefrey 62). When Mengele went to Auschwitz, Vershuer realised the potential of this posting, and as principal investigator, he carried Mengele’s Auschwitz experiments on his DFG grants. Therefore, Mengele’s experiments †that oftentimes necessitated the killing of children, thou sands of them (especially check) †were part of the official program and in pursuing his shockingly mordant â€Å"research” he was only future(a) the broad lines of Nazi research agenda.\r\n drive by the desire to boot out his medical career by scientific publications, Dr Mengele began to conduct all kinds of utterly atrocious medical experiments on living Jews, children, twins, disabled people, and all those who fell into the Nazi category of ‘Untermenschen’ †all of whom he took from the barracks of the concentration camp at Auschwitz, or ‘selected’ right away on their arrival, and brought to his hospital block.\r\nMengele used the pretext of medical treatment to kill thousands upon thousands of prisoners, personally administering the usurious torture procedures, for example as by injecting them with phenol, petrol, chloroform, or by ordering SS medical orderlies to do so. From the moment of his arrival at Auschwitz, Mengele joined the other SS officers and SS doctors, among them Dr Clauberg and Dr Kremer, in the ‘selection’ of Jews reaching the Auschwitz railway junction from all all over Europe.\r\nWith a movement of the slip by or the wave of a stick, he indicated as ‘unfit for work’, and thus destined for immediate death in the gas chambers, all children, old people, sick, halting and weak Jews, and all pregnant women. amongst May 1943 and November 1944 Mengele conducted, also along with Dr. Heinz Thilo, advance of such selections. Mengele was especially on the observation post for twins and other promising research subjects (Lifton 165).\r\nHe also took an equally determinative part in several selections in the camp infirmary, pointing out for death by shooting, injection or gassing those Jews whose dexterity had been sapped by starvation, force labor, untreated affection or ill-treatment by the guards. On May 26, 1943, only two days after he arrived at Aushwitz, Mengele a ttached his first mass murder. There was a typhoid epidemic in the barracks of over a thousand Gypsies who had been brought to the camp two months earlier.\r\nFor Dr Mengele, typhoid was not an illness to be cured, but one to be eliminated; that day, all the Gypsies were dragged out of their barracks and driven to the gas chambers. Against their label in the camp register were put the letters ‘SB’ †‘Sondebehandlung’, Special Treatment. This was vindicatory a sign of much worse things to come. In perpetrating a host of such ghastly â€Å"medical and scientific experiments,” Mengele was of course being an independent member of a larger cohort of wanton butchers.\r\nThese Nazi doctors most brazenly forsook their Hippocratic blighter and armed themselves with scalpels, forceps, and needles in inflicting immeasurable wound and torture on hundreds of thousands of innocent people, a significant portion of them being children. Mengele on a regular basis mailed the results of his research on twins to the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. There scientists analyzed the samples of blood obtained earlier death and the organs obtained after dissection.\r\nIt was a systematic, organized and purposeful enterprise. Though some of these doctors collected scientifically valid info and many of the experiments were expressions of pure pathological sadism, the Nazi doctors justified their acts of torture and inhumanity as attempts to improve German medicine and advance science. Mengele himself, through his research on twins, stargaze of being able to genetically mastermind a flawless race.\r\nThe ultimate finishing was to produce an ideal race of Indo-European men and women endowed with only the finest genetic traits, who would rapidly multiply and rule the world. (Lagnado, Dekel 61) Of the more or less 350 doctors who are estimated to have committed medical crimes, only about 20 doctors and 3 assistants were brought to justice in Nuremberg (Spitz 50). Some others were tried, and sentenced to in American military trials at Dachau.\r\n dormant many doctors break loose, including one who would become the most infamous of them all, Dr. Josef Mengele. Human experiment incomplete arose with the Nazis, nor ended with them; however, the history of human experimentation in the West is usually shared into two eras: before the Nazis and after. Mengele is by no means such a marvellous aberration as he may appear to be at first. Nazi doctors perpetrated some of the most horrendous actions during the tierce Reich, but the shadows of Auschwitz and Nuremberg are long.\r\nThough Mengele escaped scot-free, we at least know about his evil deeds; there may be many others of his ilk resilient today and even working in collaboration with reputed organizations whose work we may never even come to know. Works Cited Cefrey, Holly. â€Å"Doctor Josef Mengele: The Angel of Death” pertly York : The Rosen issue Group, 2001 Lagnado , Lucette Matalon; Dekel, Sheila Cohn. â€Å"Children of the Flames: Dr. Josef Mengele and the Untold Story of the Twins of Auschwitz. ” New York : Penguin Books, 1992 Lifton, Robert Jay. â€Å"The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the psychological science of Genocide” New\r\n'

'Communication misunderstandings Essay\r'

'Communication mistakings happen all the metre in business communicatings, and the consequences do-nothing melt from annoying to terrible. Here are nigh simple rules to follow that can proceed you a world of trouble when parley with colleagues and partners.\r\nActive earshot\r\nActive sense of detecting is one of the best ways to efficaciously transmit with otherwises. In fact, when we actually listen, mis recording is little likely to occur. Active audience is all about building ringing, understanding, and trust. fountain the speaker, maintain eye contact, keep an overspread mind, engage yourself.\r\nAsk question\r\n quash making assumptions based on disadvantage opinions. Ask questions to confirm, whether you are the one displace or receiving the message. Never assume that you agnize what has been developed. If someone conveys a message that is unclear, shoot for to a greater extent clarification\r\nBe sure of Your Verbal and Non-Verbal Language\r\nBe receiv ed to clearly convey the same literal and non- literal cues. Do not give complicated discourse signals. Remember, tree t influencek language, facial locutions, and cantillate of speech play a prodigious part in how messages will be interpreted. For example, if you say something one way, and your facial expression says something else, it is very possible that a miscommunicating whitethorn occur. Build, sonorousness the relationship\r\nBuild rapport when you develop mutual trust, friendship, and empathy with someone. Building rapport can be incredibly salutary to your career †it opens doors and helps establish good relationships with clients, colleagues, and police squad members.\r\nManage the conflict situation\r\n crack to resolve problems and conflicts as they arise. Learn how to be an utile mediator and negotiator. Use your listening skills to hear and understand both sides of whatsoever argument †encourage and facilitate stack to talk to each other. Try no t to be judgemental but instead lighten the way for conflict resolution\r\n bear constructive feedback\r\n•Constructive feedback refers to providing a soul with useful in stageion about their approach, skills and/or actions in order to encourage sea captain and somebodyal development. It includes both what a person is doing well and what they need to improve. you can repress misunderstandings and check to delineate sure that your communication is clear. Constructive feedback motivates many who use it to remove their behavior, study new things, or shoot new attitudes. The summary is also an hazard to show your support for the other person and an effective way to conclude evening a negative feedback situation on a positive note.\r\nIf communicating with a person from another culture, choke long-familiar with the needs, heathen expectations and language level of the person. digest self- alive(predicate)ness of their own cultural practice, including prejudice, stere otyping and bias understand various cultural factors contributing to cultural differences be sensitive and appreciate a migrant’s migration experience pack a good knowledge of, and skills in, communication\r\nbe able to work with interpreters\r\nbe willing to accept and appreciate other cultures.\r\nCommunication channel\r\nChannels turn in their information affluence. Information-rich channels convey more non oral information. As you whitethorn be able to guess from our rather discussion of verbal and create verbally communications, verbal communications are richer than written ones. look for shows that effective managers tend to use more information-rich communication channels than less effective managers. [1]The figure below illustrates the information birthrate of different information channels. Like face to face and telephone conversation, videoconferencing has high information richness because Receivers and Senders can see or hear beyond just the wordsâ€they can see the Sender’s body language or hear the stride of their voice.\r\nHandheld devices, blogs, and written letters and memos sally medium-rich channels because they convey words and pictures/photos. baronial written documents, such as sanctioned documents, and spreadsheets, such as the division’s budget, convey the least richness because the format is often rigid and standardized. As a result, nuance is lost. In business, the decision to communicate verbally or in written form can be powerful.\r\nIn addition, a smart manager is informed of the nonverbal messages conveyed by either compositors case of communicationâ€as noted earlier, solo 7% of a verbal communication comes from the words themselves. When determining whether to communicate verbally or in writing, ask yourself:Do I want to convey facts or feelings? Verbal communications are a mend way to convey feelings. scripted communications do a better job of conveying facts.\r\nA breakdown in the commu nication channel leads to an ineffective flow of information. Employees are unaware of what the political party expects of them. They are uninformed of what is going on in the company.\r\nThis will cause them to become doubtful of motives and any changes in the company. in any case without effective communication, employees become department given(p) rather than company minded, and this affects their decision-making and productiveness in the workplace.\r\nEventually, this harms the overall organizational objectives as well. Hence, in order for an organization to be run effectively, a good manager should be able to communicate to his/her employees what is expected of them, make sure they are fully aware of company policies and any upcoming changes.\r\nTherefore, an effective communication channel should be implement by managers to optimize worker productivity to ensure the smooth running of the organization.\r\nThe place to effective communication is to match the communication c hannel with the goal of the communication. [3] For example, written media whitethorn be a better prime(prenominal) when the Sender wants a record of the content, has less urgency for a response, is physically disconnected from the Receiver, doesn’t require a smokestack of feedback from the Receiver, or the Message is complicated and may take some time to understand. oral communication, however, makes more sense when the Sender is conveying a sensitive or stirred Message, needs feedback immediately, and does not need a permanent record of the conversation. Use the fleet provided for deciding when to use written versus verbal communication.\r\n'